Monopoly for the Potato chip industry Essay Example for Free

Monopoly for the Potato chip industry EssayA monopoly is a company that provides a harvest or helper for which there are no close replacements and in which significant barriers of entry can either prevent or encumber a new company from providing competition (Case, et al. , 2009). Take into retainer the stump spud chip industry in the Northwest are not only competitively structured but are in long-run equilibriums. The firms were earning a normal rate of returns and were competing in a monopolistically competitive grocery structure. In 2008, two lawyers quietly bought up all the firms and then began operations a monopoly called Wonks. For them to conk efficiently they had to hire a management consulting firm, which entrust estimate the different long-run competitive equilibrium. With this change comes several important things to consider that give be effected one creation the stakeholders involved, price changes and the commercialise structure to be most beneficial to th e new corporation. By consolidating the oligopoly members of the Northwest potato chip industry, situated in the United States, the legal professionals created a monopoly (Lindblom, 1948, p.671). By taking away competition in the region, Wonks would now control their position on the trade guide curve, where they can go from the produced bar, to price point, even to where the harvest-feast can be sold. Monopoly by definition is, exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular food market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices, (Monopoly, 2012). In all actuality a package product kindred a potato chip could not hold market domination for long.Other manufacturers will transport their product into this region like paying slotting allowances, in clubhouse to obtain products for placement on the supermarket shelves. An industry that that comprises just one firm producing a product for which there are no close substitutes are called monopolies (Ca se, et al. , 2009). Although a monopoly has no other firms to compete with it still constrained by market demand (Case, et al. , 2009). With that said a monopoly must choose both price and quantity of outpost simultaneously because the amount that it will be able to see depends on the prices is sets.However if the price is too high, it wont sell anything. thusly a monopolist will set prices to maximize profit (Case, et al. , 2009). Stakeholders will both benefit and be hurt by the assembly of the new market domination. The Government will receive more revenues for taxes as the prices are raised and new income is earned for Wonks Industry. In the even that the business looks suspicious they may be forced to respond to a demand from other potato chip producers or consumers, to protect them from inappropriate or unfair trading practices (Lindblom, 1948, p. 671).Some cooperating enterpises like supermarkets or corner stores, are more than likely to see an ability to sell Wonks products at higher prices to consumers, perhaps motivated by higher prices being charged to them by Wonks. Since Wonks are assumed to be the only potato chip industry in town the stores can agree to higher prices. They do this because the demand will be higher if the competition is lower (Lindblom, 1948, p. 671). Consumers on the other hand wont see any advantage, since the only going in the market is not having any competition (Case, et al. , 2009).Inevitable price increases will come until a consumer refuses to pay the price. Because of that the company will pee to eye socket a point on the demand curve where they will charge only what the customer will pay for the product (Case, et al. , 2009). Many technological and strategical forces shape market structure, including economies of scale, cost of differences among firms, entrants expectations and entry barriers (Bresnahan, 2012, 531). The empirical models of market structure from qualitative chose models of firms entry decisions. The models are presumed that we do not observe entrants revenues or be (Bresnahan, 2012, 531).Economic models are used to study market concentration in retail markets for new automobiles. One entry summarizes the competitive cost of entry. The second statistic measures the figurehead of entry barriers or differences in entrants fixed costs (Bresnahan, 2012, 531). Monopolistically competitive firms realize that the decisions they make will be reacted to by other members of the club (Case, et al. , 2009). Pricing will be profitable and comparable, product will be widely available, and vendors will try to attract certain segments with pricing or product offerings (Case, et al. , 2009).It is likely the pro-monopoly potato chip companies do similar margins, their products are found next to each other on super market shelves, and the companies were similarly profitable (Bresnahan, 2012, 531). Enterprises derived from Monopoly ran industries, will hold on to look for ways to maximize thei r profits (Case, et al. , 2009). This will allow products to remain the same, therefore nothing will change in how their were offered. The delivery will be consolidated, but plants not having cost advantage will be left behind in favor of lower cost facilities (Case, et al. , 2009).When a monopoly becomes empowered the product mixes will be reviewed and the low production/less profit generating product will be eliminated (Case, et al. , 2009). In doing so a consumer could find one sheath of chip when there were actually three different types of chips available. The size of the products being offered, as well as the prices and the volume of the products will be tampered with as a result of market forces not influencing these decisions. (Case, et al. , 2009). Between monopoly and perfect competition are a number of other imperfectly competitive market structures (Case, et al. , 2009).Oligopolistic industries are made of a small number of firms where each has a degree of price setting power. A Monopolistically competitive industries are made up of a handsome number of firms that acquire price setting power by differentiating their products or by establishing a name (Case, et al. , 2009). The sort term life of a monopoly market forces and consumer demand will all act to make the monopolistically competitive firm the best for both Wonks and for consumers. This can be assessed through the Sherman Anti Trust scrap to agencies like the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice.A monopolistic competitive firm enjoys some of the advantages of both monopoly and free enterprise (Case, et al. , 2009). The Chip market has barriers that will act to keep all the players in the chip market safe, and margins will be protected while business are happy with their market share. They can also produce and sell with the knowledge that they will not have to manage production volumes or pricing in their marketplace. Some members of the oligopoly will enjoy harmonious bu siness times (Case, et al. , 2009). Consumers can benefit from limited competition and have product provided at prices the free market will set.product shortages, elimination of marginal products, price spikes will not affect their marketplace (Case, et al. , 2009). The chips will be available where the consumer expects and at price points they expect. The price will go down or increase which will be industry wide this will keep from the producer from being singled out for price increases (Case, et al. , 2009). A monopoly is an industry with a single firm in which the entry of new firms is blocked. An oligopoly is an industry in which there is a small number of firms, each large enough to have an impact on the market price of its outputs.Firms that differentiate their products in industries with many producers and free entry are called monopolistic competitors. A monopoly is a company that provides a product or service for which there are no close replacements and in which signific ant barriers of entry can either prevent or hinder a new company from providing competition (Case, et al. , 2009). With this change comes several important things to consider that will be effected one being the stakeholders involved, price changes and the market structure to be most beneficial to the new corporation (Case, et al., 2009).By taking away competition in the region, Wonks would now control their position on the market demand curve, where they can go from the produced quantity, to price point, even to where the product can be sold. Stakeholders will both benefit and be hurt by the assembly of the new market domination. Monopolistically competitive firms realize that the decisions they make will be reacted to by other members of the club (Case, et al. , 2009).Bibliography Bresnahan ,Timothy F. Reiss, Peter C. Entry in Monopoly Markets. The look into of Economic Studies.Vol. 57, No. 4 (Oct. , 1990), pp. 531-553. Case, K. E. , Fair, R. C. , and Oster, S. E. (2009). Princip les of Microeconomics. (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. Lindblom, Charles E. The Union as a Monopoly. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , Oxford University solicit Vol. 62, No. 5 (Nov. , 1948), pp. 671-697 Monopoly. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary Complete Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from Dictionary. com website http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/monopoly.

Comparison of Aldi and Lidl

Comparison of Aldi and LidlABSTRACTThe price war among super commercialises does really benefit the customers in quoin time. But the major(ip) discount supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl cannot get the all grip on the retail markets as they had it at early stage. They are not equal to(p) to maintain the position in the market as cheapest retailers because of tough competition from rivals. This project hopes to discuss somewhat of the trends among major supermarkets like Tesco, Asda Sainsburys in pricing to grapple with discount retailers such as Lidl and Aldi. It also focus on the strategies made by the mainstream supermarket chains to overcome the recession effects.TopicIn the veritable economy, provide the retail discounters loose tabu? A case postulate of Aldi and Lidl.Aim and ObjectivesAims-Identify the Strength, weakness, opportunity and Threat of Aldi and Lidl to sustain as discount retailers in the current retail market.ObjectivesFind out why commonwealth shop at Lidl a nd Aldi? Their perceptions of the check offs, how often they come? How much they spend?To ascertain why Lidl and Aldi customer fealty has hurt since the competitors changed the strategies.To evaluate the effectualness of Lidl and Aldis recent repositioning strategies on their brand paintingReview of LiteratureScientific and technological revolution have shaped an effective and innovative duty order .Since the source of information and information procedures have become rapid and convenient ,the business automatic teller has turn out to be more chaoetic.Consumers are showing their buying capacity with an expectation of high quality for reasonable price. As there are liberal policies, new products and service are launching every day in to the market. Information technology plays a crucial role in the business world with up go out information and rapid sort of communication1. Customer BehaviorCustomers are offered tremendous bundle of choices. Some people restricts their choic es, becoming relationship oriented with some organization (Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995) and have the potential to become long life customers. Customers life cycles are becoming increasingly transitory due to the severe impact of competitors movement on existing relationships (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Consumer behaviour in retail sector is characterized by impulse purchasing and fickle customers (Newman and Patel, 2004).. This may do to the fact that customers do not experience any switching costs when changing their supplier (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Others exhibit switching behaviour in their shopping (Peterson, 1995) and split their purchases among severalTable.1 Attributes of remembering imageMost Frequently Cited AttributeOther Attributes1. Merchandise* Selection* Quality* Price* Styling2. Service3. Clientele4. Physical facilities5. Convenience6. Promotion7. Store atmosphere8. Institutional9. Post-Transaction2. BrandWhen a brand is communicated through announce, packaging and merchandising, it aims to create confidence and minimise the purchasing risk to the consumer (Palmer, 1996). Such attributes, it is held, are fussyly of the essence(predicate) when buying fashion products (de Chernatony and McDonald, 1992 Doyle, 1991). In brief, brand values provide a promise of sameness and predictability (Keller, 2003).Branding came to be understood as providing a curious mixture of benefits that satisfy rational needs, but also emotional aces, by facilitating and simplifying the consumers choice process through behavioural shortcuts, habit and perception. Successful brand is defined as a name, symbol, design or some combination of these, which identifies the product of a particular organisation as having a sustainable differential good (Schmitt, 1999).3. PositioningTo under dead end positioning from a customer perspective, it is important to explain what is positioning in marketing literature. Although the craft of positioning is a defining contribution of modern branding, the idea of positioning dates back to Classical Greece, with Platos assertion that memories evoke related memories, thus colouring interpretation (Warren, 1916). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British empiricists elaborated the Aristotelian notion that ideas are stored in memory by association, developing the three Laws of Association similarity, contrast and contiguity.Discussion1. Recession affecting the retailers. here we forget discuss about the recession and its affect on retail markets. As we know that we are running in the bad economic condition. So it gives us unemployment, lack of money, poverty, people go behind the cheap product..etc. in these situation we call it for recession. Recession participate everywhere around the world. In these situations people are scaring to spend their money in to business or market.2. Current retail UK Market.In the current economic conditions the retail markets are trying to catch up with their custo mers giving different offers and products. Using cheap price and quality products are the priority for all retailers to the customers and it is the key factor to increase the business and survive the recession.Neil Saunders, the consulting managing director at Verdict, said (telegraph nov 2009) We are now entering the most challenging period many retailers will have ever faced the UK retail market is both mature and intensively competitive and that, combined with a s number 1d profess in growth, means everyone will need to work much harder just to stand still.Andy bond Asda CEO (the marketing blog aug 2009) We be able to already see how changing attitudes are affecting customers shopping habits, Consumers are not inclined(p) to pay a premium when they cannot taste the difference. The era of conspicuous consumption is besides.Saving money by cutting out waste of every part of kinds will be the priority.3. Major discounters Aldi and LidlThe German chains Aldi and lidl are discount r etailer and fight with the big four rivals called Tesco, Asda, sainsburey, and Morrisons. The two discounters have to do a raft of work while competing rivals.Aldi one of the retail company in UK and launched in 1990 and they have more than 300 stores across UK. the company called Aldi sell food, drinks, healthn and beauty product, healthful items, baby product, and different cheap house hold items and wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including frozen food, fresh meats, fish, desserts, baked goods and alcohol, wines cheeseetc. the important thing that Aldi has concentrated products are own labelled or in other words own brand products and the other brand product or none Aldi products are limited. The store strengthened in cheapest products and it introduced from GERMANY. So the company typically use two similar brands for all category of the product. So this structure gives Aldi stores to be smaller than general supermarkets which suppress the same range of products but w ith more variety. About the companys offer to the customer giving special offers per week, special buy deal offer a particular range of product like electronics and car accessories, cloths and house hold items, garden ,appliancesetc at bargain prices on Sundays and Thursdays (it might be for a week or available for limited products). Aldi is able to offer deeply discounted prices on around 1,300 popular food items (a typical grocery store has 30,000) due to its various cost-cutting strategies. These involve buying cheap land on the outskirts of towns and cities, building cheap warehouses, employing few staff, keeping store furnishings to a bare minimum and carrying mostly private-label items, which are displayed on pallets rather than shelves. The firm takes a fixed amount of money for carrier bags.Lidl the rivals of Aldi and the major discount supermarket store chain in UK. the store more cognizant about their customer and so the firm provides 800 different products. As i above m entioned about Aldi , Lidl has wide variety of their own brand products and the companies priority for preeminent brand for each category. Food, fresh produce, frozen foods, Italian cuisines, wines, home appliances and garden products including tools and planets are available from Lidl. These are the products known as Specials and they offer to the customer low cost of frozen foods as well. Low-cost operating methods, such as avoiding expensive advertising, high-rent locations and a diverse-range of goods, have enabled it to challenge and even overtake its number one rivals in some European markets such as France. Lidl can attract more customers in 2008 in the beginning of recession because most of the consumers especially gist class consumers started their shopping at discount retailers like Aldi and Lidl. According to market look into firm TNS, Lidl was the second most successful UK supermarket group over the spry Christmas period in 2008, with group sales far exceeding growth in the overall grocery sector. GGavin (2008) describe When we visited Lidl stores across Europe, we find that new, improved ranges are being introduced across fresh and chilled categories. Ranges are far more tailored to national and even regional markets than in the past. Organics, healthy have and fairtrade ranges have also been incorporated into the mix. And this strategy, too, is very much determined on a country by country basis, in line with key predominant consumer trends. Clearly many of these elements are not unique to Lidl among its discounting peer group, but the combination of these is leading to the development of an increasingly compelling proposition, with the branded presence in-store a key differentiator from its largest rival Aldi.Now come to the point that the big four super markets battling towards the discounters like Aldi and Lidl.TNS world panel realise that the Aldi and Lidl sales from whitethorn to July 8.3 percent, 6.8 percent. But in the case of the bi g retailers achieved second quarter Morrison 9.5 percentage, Asda 8.1 percentage, waitrose8.2 percentage respectively. Paul (2009), Aldis UK Managing Director, blames some of the slowdown in growth on promotional bodily process from the brands, which has been pretty effective. Aldi does not sell the traditional big brands. The important things that the big four mainly concentrated in their sales called promotions, discount ranges, and advertising campaigns.etc. The Tescos promotion known as discounters, Asdas round pound, Sainsburys switch and save, Waitrose essential. Chris (2009) of TNS, said The promotional activity the major multiples have put in place has stolen the wind out of the discounters sails. Waitroses Essentials range now accounts for 15 percent of the grocers sales.Now the current economic down turn the consumer always looking for the promotions and discount sales. So the major discounters will be loose their sales until they started promotional activity from the tra ditional brands.Research methodology1. Research ApproachTo understand the different research advancement is in business research. These approaches can be mainly categorized as positivist and critical interpretive, qualitative and quantitative. positive(p) and critical interpretive researchPositivist paradigm believes in the view that the world is external and objective to the researcher, which is identical to the belief used in natural sciences. Positivist researchers are independent of the research being conducted and focus on description, uncovering facts and explanation .Researchers, then by using models and theories that they have created explains the behaviour on the grounds of the facts and observationsThe other position, known to us as the critical interpretive paradigm believes in the view that the world is cooked socially and is subjective. They also believe that reality does not exist outside the perceptions of people. fine researchers are seen as a vital part of the re searching process. Critical researchers attempt to discover understandings and discovery of the broad interrelationship in the circumstances they are researching. soft and quantitative researchIn qualitative research words are the units of analysis. Qualitative research tends to be associated with description. The data needed for qualitative analysis has to be gathered from interviews and questionnaires. Methods like ethnography will be used for the process of qualitative analysis and ethnographic data storage software will be used to store information. There are many advantages of using such software which will help store the data safely, the data can be coded easily, and retrieval of data will be more reliable. Computerization removes barriers and scales to the scale and complexity of analysis. There are virtually no clerical limits to how much overgorge you get now, and few to how complex it is. (Richards and Richards 199340)Quantitative researchQuantitative research tends to be associated with numbers, as the unit of analysis and it tends to be associated with statistical data. Charts and graphs have to be constructed from the figures and information gathered from the questionnaires and researches. Word processing and spreadsheet packages can be used for this purpose. Information in the form of numbers will be gathered from various HR Mangers by using different data collection tools like questionnaires, review of previous documents etc. and the data will be used to construct meaningful figures and charts using software.Research StrategiesSurvey- Since the case study is on the basis of customer behaviour with a clear aim on customers perception of a particular brand, certainly the importance is set on radical data. The secondary data backed the primary data using appropriate hypothetical framework. The primary data will be collected using pre-designed questionnaire. Twelve questions were involved in the close ended questionnaire form with shoppers demogr aphic outlines. Brand and Store loyalty measurement can be done by enquiring Lidl Aldi shoppers to rate definite qualities on predefined scales. Uni-polar scales will be utilized (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) starting from one all the way to five, places very low, low, average, high, and superb respectively. Former researchers, like James et a. (1976) have used the similar scaling methods while assessing attributes of a certain brand or store by implying how much a store is able to fulfil consumers expectation.In AldiLidl outlets in London where customers should be asked to rate the attributes with one hundred questionnaires.At least lxxx interviews will be carried out in London AldiLidl outlets. Since only AldiLidl shoppers participated, every questionnaire will be involved in the research. A detailed survey must(prenominal) be conducted. The data analysis could be created by using e SPSS12.O which is the data mining programme.Case study- This research is on the basis of case study since it discovers the individual behaviour of consumers in retail market.Research on the basis of case study is suitable since it covers the contextual situation and a broadly investigation other than a mere theoretical study.More over it is reliable as it provides multiple sources of information. In research, a familiar figure is used to study as it represents the tout ensemble concept with itself.Discount supermarket case studies are widely used in most of the UK institutes and research fields as it had a bright past with enormous brand loyalty by customers.,But now the scenario became different and it is facing more challenges to exist in the market.Explanatory study On the basis of brand position and opening Explaining fundamental connection of variables (correlation of style and shoppers customers visiting time) Focusing circumstances for describing the connection among variables.Form of PresentationThe dissertation will be presented in a create verbally form supplemented with charts showing current and historical dataConclusionAldi and Lidl the major discounters in UK, but the above mentioned information give us they are release to lose in current economic conditions. So the message give us the total picture about the current market, economic conditions, and the rivals in the current markets.ReferencesGeoffrey Moore, the business cycle research, Jon Gregory Taylor, investment timing and business cycle, john wiley sons publisher in 1997,p23Gary marks john F. Maudlin, rocking wall street john wiley sons publisher in 2007, p92.Invstopedia forbes digital company(http//www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp)India dialy news paper(2007) (http//www.indiadaily.com/editorial/17492.asp)Bureau for Economic Research (BER) http//www.fastmoving.co.za/news-archive/retailer-news/retail-sector-faces-threat-of-recessionhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/3368164/Tesco-most-likely-retailer-to-survive-recession.htmlAndy Bond CEO Asda http//www.themarketingblog.co.uk/e_article001292783.cfmAldi http//www.supermarket.co.uk/aldi.htmlLidl http//www.supermarket.co.uk/lidl.htmlGavin Rothwell, senior business analyst, IGD, http//www.igd.com/index.asp?id=1fid=1sid=19tid=11cid=85http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jul/24/aldi-lidl-sales-growth

Total Reward Approach to Reward Management

heart Reward Approach to Reward ManagementEvery human being alliance blooms in the light of reciprocate. As the world is going through a serious phase of recession, the amount which is paid to the employees and the form of payment d unmatched is accordingly the issue that matters. The importance of Rewards is change magnitude in the world of commercial organisation and is definitely one of the major indicators of profitability and competitive advantages.One of the biggest de margininants of honours lies in the monetary position of a particular organisation. The organisations argon in constant pressure of producing retort schemes which accumulate all the factors from attraction to motivation of their employees, simultaneously while maintaining the viability of the companys financial and commercial scenario. Absence of reward schemes may have a devastating effect on the organisations performance.The concept of Total Reward has been evolving ever since, Management nowadays is trying to round-eyedn up the meaning of the word Reward including both tangible and nonphysical aspects of rewarding their employees, (Armstrong and Brown,1999). On one side the tangible rewards train financial stability of the employee while on the other side the intangible rewards looks after the employees luxuries and compensates for future loss. Now a days managers and scholars atomic number 18 using Total Reward Management more and more as the modern centering methodAccording to the Human preferences management Total Reward outline needfully to b examined and experienced often to obtain perfect and efficient results. This dodging guarantees a remarkable profit for the brass improving the staffs performance as hygienic as contains the potential to solve and compensate the existing issues in the organization. Rewarding employees in any organization can affect attitudes, behaviour and motivation. Influence on the behaviour of workers seems to be particularly important, it will tend to extra effort if an employee knows that his achievements, work, creativity etc. will be measured, evaluated and rewarded accordingly. The increasing efforts of the employees will result into the companys increasing profitability and burst customer service. It must mobilize the growing individual and collaborative involvement of all employees.Literature reviewToday organizations argon looking forward to increase their employees efforts by encouraging them to improve their performance beyond the organisations expectations and reducing labour cost to a minimum. Thus the study of employee motivation has unendingly remained a managerial business organisation. This essay considers some of the main views of the organisations adopting a hail reward cost to reward management. While answering much(prenominal) questions as what do you mean by total reward? How it is benefits the employees as fountainhead as the company? How does it motivate the employees? How is it mone tarily profitable for the company? Etc.Reward management is pertain with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organisation. It deals with the design, implementation and maintenance of reward processes and conventions that be accommodate to the improvement of organizational, team and individual performance (Armstrong and Murlis 2006). If the organisation has a fairly distributed reward management then it non only progresses the company but besides enhances employees skills and performance. Hence the organisation is under tremendous pressure of having a non bias reward distribution so as to avoid any chaos indoors the organisation.The reward management literature emphasizes the need to shift from short-term, ad hoc getes to pay management to a longer-term, strategic approach. Changes in pay and benefits organizations have therefore been cocksure as key H RM objectives, pulled together in the US literature under the rubric of the new pay (Lawler, 1995)It is therefore a major managerial concern about how they approach to the concept of total reward. Each organisation can have different criteria about elements that constitute total rewards.Paul Thompson (2001), further gives an exposit definition of total reward by emphasises it not only encompasses rational scientific elements like wages, changeable pay and get, but also more intangible non money related elements such as scope to attain and implement responsibility, business organizationer opportunity, education and development, the inherent motivation delivered by the work itself and the quality of operative life provided by the organization.Essentially, the notion of total reward says that there is more to rewarding people than throwing money at them. Planning a long term reward holds the employee and motivates them to enhance their performance for better customer satisfaction. As Murlis and Watson (2001) refer to the importance of monetary values in designing a reward pile but also about these not being the sole factors. She describes cash as being a weak tactic in the overall reward strategy and stresses that total reward policy should be based on building a much better savvy of what the employees expect in their rewards piles. human relationship between the organisation and the employees can be strengthened with the total reward approach. in that respectfore we need to see a very integrated and holistic approach while considering all aspects of rewards (Armstrong and Murlis, 2006)Hence it is essential to have a coherent reward strategy which helps to create a work experience that meets the needs of employees and encourages them to give way extra effort, by create a deal that addresses a broad range of issues and by spending reward dollars where they will be most sound in addressing workers shifting values. ONeal (1998).CIPD reward faculty members Wr ight and Murlis have created a significant diagram to present visually the various types of total reward. Its definition incorporates a wide range of approach but it is not the only solution for employee energetic. The idea of reward exchange is emphasized although quite frequently left out in the area at work definition. In combination unique and common motivation methods are provided to employees in exchange accordingly for their effort, results, work time, creativity, talent etc. There are five main key elements to keep secure and retain talented workers and also to motivate them optimally to accomplish possibly outperform business results (Davis, 20074).The key points stated by CIPD (2005) in the world at works total rewards Compensation, Benefits, Work life, Performance, Development and career opportunities.Manas and Graham (2003) emphasize that developing and implementing a total reward approach has much in common with reward strategy development. According to Purcell (2004) and colleagues the organisation can contribute by communion the values, giving employees a voice, setting up improved performance management processes, instituting formal recognition schemes and taking steps to improve work/life balance. Decisions such as giving voice to the employees by an organisation leads to the delegation of some powers to them regarding their respective expectation about rewards which helps the management in developing capture strategies. growing and implementing a total reward approach may be difficult but the benefits are considerable. The employment relationship created by a total reward approach, which makes the maximum use of relational as well as transactional rewards, will appeal more to and engage individuals involving people in their own reward package design, dives them strong messages about the organisation and its values. At its best, it builds relationship capital.Pfeffer (1998) implicated a new idea to total reward approach in a decently mann er, Employees are able to use their skills in an effective and efficient way with interest and motivation in an enjoyable, challenging and empowered work environment, for which they should be shown appropriate appreciation by the organisation. This scenario creates such an environment for the employees, by which they got motivated and enhance their performance thereby proving beneficial for the company, but it would be less time overpowering and simple to reward the employees monetarily then to plan and arrange intangible rewards.Case StudyTotal Reward Statement as a document is created p.a. for every working member of the company on a regular basis. This document allows the employees to receive all the details regarding their benefits that have been received over the turn tail of the year. As total rewards deals with tangible and non-tangible benefits it informs the employees about the salary drawn by them as well as a breakdown of all the other non-tangible profits that have bee n taken in exchange for their employment.Presenting the reward to the employee in cash terms proves to be very beneficial for the company as well as the employee. For example if an employee has received shares. The reward statement shows the value of the shares and might as well show their trading history since the issue of the previous statement.There are many companies which have been adopting total reward strategies in the last few years and gaining benefits and improving their labour power. This paper shows a few companies dealing in different products and implementing total reward strategy.Beginning with one of Europes leading telecommunication services BT COMMUNICATIONS. The new reward framework is one of the biggest change initiatives in BTs history, application more than 40,000 employees in total.(e-reward.co.uk research report, no. 35, July 2005). The idea of transforming its reward strategy from fairly traditional multi-grade pay structure to a total reward system was BTs essential Organizational Program.One area of focus in the new strategic HR agenda was to look at reward and address BTs Paternalistic approach to reward Says Kevin Brandy, HR Director Reward. (e-reward.co.uk, no. 35, July 2005).As the management of BT states, the alleged reasons for switching from the previous reward arrangement was to develop the changed view of the BT peoples regarding rewards. The organisation lazy Millions of pound annually on rewards because of the limitations of the employees in view of companys bonuses. Taking into consideration, the limitation of the earlier adopt reward strategy bounded employees to appreciate their benefits as well as lack understanding and awareness capabilities.By implicating the new reward framework BT affect 250-plus market based roles in 18 job families. BTs strategy is basically based on the role and performance of the employees. As on the other hand, benefits and bonuses given are based on the external market. Giving total reward an broader offer BT has tried to renovate the reward strategy, by going beyond the standard remuneration of the base pay including bonuses.For BT, total reward is not just an ordinary reward strategy used for paying wages to the employees. Its about bonus and benefits, such as company cars and health insurance, shares and pensions, role-based reward, performance-based pay and prize and flexibility in benefits provision. Henceforth three main elements of the reward package influence BTs new total reward approach Base Salary, Bonus, Benefits (Armstrong and Thompson, 1999).STARBUCKS being one of the worlds largest speciality coffee retailer having 1300 store worldwide, hire around 200 people per day and grow US revenues by 25 to 30 percent on top of US$4.1 billion in revenues from the previous fiscal year. According to Chet Kuchinad, SVP of Total Pay We build the Starbucks experience by delivering pay elements to our partners that crusade financial rewards in the success of the com pany in a meaningful way.In order to strengthen and constrain the culture of Starbucks, innovative reward strategy and payment programs have been introduced. Full- and part-time partners (who meet eligibility criteria) are offered health, dental, and vision insurance, as well as access to an employee assistance program (EAP), reimbursement accounts, short- and long-term disability, and Working Solutions, Inc. (a resource and referral service) to help manage work and family issues (Wilson group.com, case study on Starbucks).The employees receiving the rewards greatly appreciate and value the reward and, as a result, provide a better a service to the customers.According to Starbucks, total reward has played a very important role in benefitting the company but there are many other factors in human resources which affect the companys stability. Examples include employee education, an open n highly communicative environment and a unique program adopted by Starbucks called Mission Review, which is a part of a broader program called Partner Snapshot. Partner Snapshot deals with gaining feedback from the companys partners. However the functions of human resources in Starbucks continue. Rewards and profits were considered by the door of total reward that included additional health benefits, maturation of healthcare delivery, and coverage for same sex partners, and an employee assistance program.However, pay alone will not attract people. Our Total Pay philosophy and our culture of teamwork and community are all key parts of why people join and stay with Starbucks. (Starbucks)The side by side(p) case study deals with Audit, Consulting, Financial advisory, Risk management and Tax services. DELOITTE also known as Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DDTL), is a UK private company limited by guarantee. Mark Carman, sales and marketing director of Motivano, Deloitte says Total reward can b a win-win from the perspective of en employee as the reassurance and support available from knowledgeable exactly what your salary and benefits package is worth can have a huge impact on their performance, engagement and motivation. With the rising value of rewards and benefits the company proprietor are using total reward to improve and support their affiliation with employees.Deloitte explains five main steps in creating effective total reward communicationCreate clear and concise messages.Think about brand and design.Check the accuracy of your data.Consider security of your personal information.Work with other internal experts.BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB is a US-owned pharmaceuticals company. Bristol-Mayers Squibb was going through a mystification of employees regarding reward strategies. As compared to the external competitive market the company was not able to reward the employees, employees were lacking the understanding of the reward which they received and there was an awareness that the wages and the benefits given to them were not as fine as the competitive market offered. Transformation to a plastic reward strategy was very necessary for Bristol-Mayers Squibb which supports the recruitment and maintenance, bringing all the strategies together Bristol introduced the total reward strategy.Portraying everything as work experience, Bristol-Mayers Squibb kept the frequent peculiarity between rewards and remuneration. As a result the company received employees which consists appreciation, work-life balance, civilization, employee development and the working environmentHENNES MAURITZ (HM) is a 100 billion SEK company, Engaged in designing and retailing of fashion apparel and accessories. Hennes Mauritz appears to provide a total reward framework, with greater emphasis on relational rewards even though transactional rewards are provided (Armstrong (2006), pp.639-631). Hennes Mauritz reward strategy includes many other human resources area like organizational traditions, conscription or selection etc. Implementing total reward management was a very successful concept in the history of Hennes Mauritz. The increasing sales are the evidence of the profitability of HM business as the employees are motivated with job satisfaction as a reward and perform their job as well as contribute their best to ensure customer satisfaction.This case study acknowledges about the companies adopting total rewards from a long period of time and improving their business skills. Though there are some disadvantages to this approach. startle with the employees, they find it very difficult to understand and expensive to set up as well as complicated to maintain. Although the advanced technology is helping organization to reduce burden as well as reduce cost. The vast range of choices may create a problem both to the company and the workers. There might also be wastage as the employees may not appreciate the full reward package.ConclusionThe reward approach not only takes care of the financial security of the employees but also looks after the ove rall development of their employees in the society. Its a delicate matter that should be perfectly balanced especially when the organization is rewarding different people working in one team. The advantages of total reward approach are substantial, but developing and putting it into practice may be a difficult task, by the use of relational and transactional rewards the employment relationships created by total rewards approach can be maximised. The total reward approach creates a strong communication about the organisation and its values by satisfying the employees and engaging them in their own designed reward package. At its best, it builds relationship capital.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethnographic Studies Media Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethnographic Studies Media EssayDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of seeing an ethnographicalal go about to the learning of parliamentary procedure. Answer with detailed reference to at least one ethnographic ac moot.Essay outlineIntroduction the ethnographic approach to the knowledge of society has its advantages and disadvantages most of the disadvantages discount be avoided if the police detective is made aw be of the risk of encountering them I will first campaign to define the ethnographic studies and then analyse this approach from assorted perspectives, namely regarding the seeker, the role players and, respectively, the research process and, thusly, the final resultContents definition of the ethnography and briefly naming a few distinctive characteristics of the ethnographic approach, which basically comprises conducting interviews and doing fieldwork three perspectives from which one could look at the advantages and d isadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society regarding the investigator time-consuming requires sustained hunting expedition and engagement individual(prenominal) safety of the researcher in peril however, it is rewarding regarding the subjects concealment preciseness of the education which could be restoreed either by the representation the researcher records information, or by the participants themselves regarding the research process and, thus, affecting the final result, the complexity and accuracy of the information from the ethnography first hand data unavoidable subjectivity sub-rosa research issues related to neighborly identities, which leads to prejudice data which cannot be generalised-practical use of ethnographic studiesConclusion Despite noting to a greater extent possible flaws than strong points in using an ethnographic approach to study the social world which are referable to the circumstance that the ethnographic approach is a much complex way of study reality because it poses diverse problems offering a complex final study as considerably, its main advantage stands out to describe and discuss in its complexity the way in which a part of society manifests itself.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnographic StudiesDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. Answer with detailed reference to at least one ethnographic study.The grade of complexity and accuracy of the results of a social research depends on adopting the most appropriate order. Every research method has its advantages and disadvantages, this also being the case of ethnographies. However, both(prenominal) of the disadvantages can be avoided if the researcher is made aware of the risk of encountering them. In order to outline and discuss some of the most relevant characteristics of an ethnographic approach to the study of society, I will first try to define the ethnographic st udies and then analyse this approach from different perspectives, namely regarding the researcher, the participants and, respectively, the research process and, thusly, the final result. The theoretical aspects presented throughout the essay will be supported with methodological observations from Sidewalk, Mitchell Duneiers ethnography of the people who earn a living on Sixth Avenue, in Greenwich Village.Before proceeding to analyse the characteristics of an ethnographic study, we should cast our attention on one general definitions of ethnography. One should last in mind that there are multiple understandings of the ethnographic approach, influenced by different schools of thought (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007). Nevertheless, the most complete definition of the ethnography I build encountered is the followingEthnography at least (in its minimal definition) is iterative-inductive research (that evolves in design through the study), drawing on a family of methods, involving direc t and sustained contact with valet de chambre agents, within the context of their daily lives (and cultures), watching what happens, listening to what is said, asking questions, and producing a richly written account that respects the irreducibility of human experience, that acknowledges the role of theory, as well as the researchers take in role, and that views humans as part object/part subject (OReilly, 2005 3).Therefore, by using an ethnographic approach to the study of society, the social researcher enters a particular social environment in order to understand the participants in-depth, also employing open-ended interviews with the help of which to comprehend more thoroughly the participants social behaviour. by and by having established the broad distinctive features of ethnographic studies, we can now look at the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this social research method from the perspective of the researcher itself, namely how conducting an ethnographic research influences him or her. Doing an ethnographic research is time consuming, requiring the fieldworker to spend enough time in order to be accepted into a particular social system and then observe and reliably interpret the social relations which develop in that specific environment, as an insider (OReilly, 2005), and so to understand other peoples own worldview (Taylor, 2002 3) it is also main(prenominal) to regard the normal as unfamiliar (May, 2001 157). The research Mitchell Duneier (2001) conducted for Sidewalk lasted, for example, more than four years. This aspect also enables ethnographers to conduct open research, such(prenominal) being the case for Duneier, as well, at the beginning of his research, according to the methodological section of Sidewalk I had only approximate notions about what I would do with the data I collected and what I sought to learn (2001 336) however, during his fieldwork the leading questions became clear.Engaging in doing ethnographic research has othe r consequences for the researcher as well. Having to adopt a different role than when using quantitative research methods, the researcher becomes instrumental in the process of collecting the data to be analysed (Padgett, 1998 Marshall and Rossman, 2006). Thus, doing fieldwork requires more effort and commitment from the researcher, as May argues participant observation is the most personally demanding and analytically difficult method of social research to undertake (2001 153). Furthermore, later on collecting information, the ethnographer has to analyse it, so that to elaborate categories for the relevant social issues denoted by the subjects (Padgett, 1998). This happened to Duneier (2001) in the process of writing Sidewalk, when after spending deuce years studying Hakim, the main participant in the research, he realised, helped by the useful feedback given by Hakim after reading the manuscript of the study, that he had omitted several important aspects from the social action o n the sidewalk.Another effect on the fieldworker discussed here is related to his or her personal safety. If dealing with dangerous subjects, and mainly if undergoing covert research, i.e. research that has not gained the full consent, and is not conducted with the full knowledge, of the participants (OReilly, 2005 60), the safety of the fieldworker could be jeopardized, such being the case if one studies criminals or other deviant people, especially in their own environment. Moreover, in order to burst understand the participants, the ethnographer could engage in dangerous activities, for example drug dealing or smuggling, or in activities which would unremarkably be considered morally degrading if judged by the current social norms. Duneier (2001) could have decided, for example, to buy and consume drugs himself, like some of the participants this, he could have thought, would have enabled him to better understand their perspective on society.As a conclusion to this section of t he essay, one could note that the work of an ethnographer has more disadvantages than advantages. However, the researcher who engages in such an effort should be willing to make some sacrifices in order to achieve a more lively and accurate account of how a part of society functions, this being what ethnographies offer, some would argue. Furthermore, despite the possible inconvenients, the work of an ethnographer can be rewarding because ethnographic studies always have at least one named author. For example, Mitchell Duneier (2001) has authorized an award for his first ethnography, Slims Table, and also numerous critical acclaims for Sidewalk.The participants in an ethnographic research are affected in various ways by the access of the fieldworker in their social environment. One of the aspects which should be considered is the privacy of the people involved as subjects. It should be noted that in an ethnographic research, the right of human subjects to privacy comes into conflic t with other rights such as the right of the public to know (Homan, 1991 65). The main disadvantage for the subjects of ethnographies is that the researcher intrudes in their lives and perturbs them. Although this happens especially when the ethnographer overtly assumes the role of a participant observer, i.e. openly conducted research, he or she can consent and even enjoy taking part in an ethnographic study, as Hakim and Keith do, two participants in Duneiers ethnography. In this situation, however, in the case of interviews, the subject has the chance to present as clearly as possible the information the ethnographer wants to know, not being cumber by pre-defined answers, even if this means that they can distort information (Padgett, 1998). In qualitative research projects, participants remain individualities in the final result of the study, this being the rationalness why an ethnographer should always seek informed consent for using the real identities of the people observed and exact information, as Duneier did I have received authorization to quote almost all the people who were taped without their knowledge (2001 13). Mitchell Duneier (2001) made sure that the people presented in his ethnography were content with the way they were presented in the discussion by having several meetings with each of them in which he showed them the pictures and read them the passages in which they appeared. In case the participants do not agree with their identity being revealed, information about their lives can still be found in the ethnography however, this poses ethical questions. The problem becomes more important when the researcher is a covert participant observer. In this case, the subject is not made aware of the fact that aspects of his or her life will be made public through an ethnography, this raising more ethical issues, as OReilly asserts ethical considerations are arguably most likely to be overridden when research is covert (2005 60).Finally, we will cast our attention on the domineering and negative aspects of doing fieldwork and its result the ethnographic study. In order to do so, it should be noted that adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society implies participating in a natural process which takes place in a dynamic and unforeseen reality, where people act in different and complex ways (Padgett, 1998). Being a participant observer means collecting first hand data, a part exact, recorded by technical devices as tape recorders or moving picture cameras, another part filtered by the ethnographer (Bourgeois, 2002). Hence, de facto, writing an ethnographic study is a very subjective process, as Duneier admits like all observers, I have my subjectivities. However, I try to help the reader recognize the lens through which the reality is refracted (2001 14). Subjectivity can be identified as well in the fact that the researcher observes only what is caught in his eyesight and has to select the gathered informati on. However, by using technical devices to accurately register the words of the participants, the level of subjectivity could diminish the meanings of a culture are embodied, in part, in its language, which cannot be grasped by an outsider without attention to the choice and order of the words and sentences (Duneier, 2001 339) therefore this possible disadvantage of the ethnographic approach can be eliminated.In order to be a good participant observer, one has to gain the trust of the other participants, either overtly or covertly. The advantage when researching covertly is that people can be observed in natural circumstances in their environment however, this raises ethical issues. Undertaking overt research, as the case of Duneier in Sidewalk, has the advantage of being honest with the participants, but it influences the normal state of the social relations observed in this particular situation, Duneier emphasises the fact that there are many things members of the different races will not say in one anothers presence (2001, 338). Hence, issues of social identity rise in cases equal to the one presented in Duneiers Sidewalk (2001) the differences of race, class and social status (and in other situations of age and sex as well) between the ethnographer and the participants in the research not only made the people observed be more reserved in what they told Duneier, but also posed problems to the ethnographer who had to surpass his prejudices which were due to his social background. This could affect the researchers goal which is to describe the symbols and values of such a culture without passing judgment based on his cultural context (Marshall and Rossman, 2006 82).Another critique of the ethnographic approach is related to the qualities of the research process, to the unsystematic way of conducting the fieldwork and collecting data (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007 Padgett, 1998). However, social life itself is guided by unknown laws which are not systematic, so this is an adaptive method of studying it. The critics would continue by stating that this approach is using small, non-representative samples to produce impressionistic findings vulnerable to almost any bias one could envisage (Padgett, 1998 12). Nevertheless, ethnographic studies reveal and explain the complexity of the human relations in a limited particular environment, which goal Duneier (2001) achieves in his ethnography, after a spacious lasting labour and several versions of manuscripts. As Taylor writes, an ethnographic study is said to produce situated knowledge rather than universals and to capture the detail of social life (2002 3) and, according to Gray, some critics argue that the findings are inadequate in representativeness and generalisability, two key criteria of validity in sociological research (2003 15). Moreover, due to the fact that ethnographies are the result of a researchers work carried throughout long periods of time, they show a more accurate image of society, unlike the quantitative methods which register the reality of a particular moment in time. Moreover, by having contact with the world the interviewee is referring to, the ethnographer can discern what is true or plausible in his or her statements (Weinberg, 2002). Furthermore, the researcher can also make use of information related to aspects of their lives which are considered unimportant by the research participant. Duneier (2001) recalls a situation when he was rendered confused by an interviewee, without his heading the ethnographer could realise which was the real situation because of his findings.The last point to be highlighted in this essay regards the practical use of ethnographic studies in comparison to quantitative analysis. If the last mentioned is more useful for developing strategies, the work of an ethnographer resembles more the work of a writer its use is not often that of changing policies, one of its critiques being interested with its lack of impac t on policy-making and practice, its limited payoff in the everyday worlds of politics and work (Atkinson and Hammersley, 2007 17). Duneier (2001) emphasises in Sidewalk the importance of using the conclusions bony from the ethnography to change policies and prejudices apart from the measure he suggests the authorities should take, Duneier states that only by understanding the rich social organization of the sidewalk, in all its complexity, efficacy citizens and politicians appreciate how much is lost when we accept the idea that the presence of a few broken windows justifies tearing down the whole informal structure (2001 315). similarly the ineffective attempt to change policies, ethnographies can determine the readers to think in a different manner about what is happening around them, i.e. to think sociologically I would say that the use of ethnographies is more personal, as is their subject. After reading Sidewalk, for example, it is desirable that people should start looking at least at the bridle-path vendors and panhandlers with different eyes, not expressing ready-made assumptions about them.To conclude, in this essay I have analysed a small part of the possible advantages and disadvantages of adopting an ethnographic approach to the study of society. I have looked at the effects of the decision to employ this research method on the researcher him/herself, on the participants and on the process and result of the research, drawing on examples from Mitchell Duneiers Sidewalk (2001). Despite noting more possible flaws than strong points in using an ethnographic approach to study the social world which are due to the fact that the ethnographic approach is a more complex way of studying reality because it poses diverse problems, offering a complex final study as well, its main advantage stands out to describe and discuss in its complexity the way in which a part of society manifests itself.Word count 2399Mark 65 (Mid Upper 2nd)

Formal Approach to Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country C

Formal Approach to doubting Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country Churchyard Thomas Grays poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a very structured poem with a set number of lines per stanza, and a specific rhyme scheme throughout the entire poem. The poem focuses on Grays thoughts while he visits a country churchyard, and ends with an epitaph written on one of the tombstones in the churchyard. The setting of a country churchyard automatically gives way to a small and unkn possess graveyard, and those that inhabit the graveyard atomic number 18 not going to be well known people in the community or in American history. Grays form and style allow for the reader to see the churchyard he is in, and the metaphors and symbolism he uses open the mind of the reader to view the world in a new way. The form of the poem is a very step elegy, consisting of four line stanzas and a rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b for each stanza. The form gives a visual image of a graveyard and all the plots lined up in a straight lines row after row, and in doing so puts the reader into the same setting as he is in. The setting is not only if present in the form of the poem, but also in the first few stanzas. The setting is in a churchyard after sunset, and on a very still and quiet shadow. Grays word choice to describe the churchyard present a vivid picture, such as Now fades the glimmering embellish on the sight, and all the air a solemn stillness holds...(5-6). The reader can visualize the images of the sun setting over the land and the stillness of the night air from his perspective in these lines. The rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b gives the reader a mental picture of plots in the graveyard. In the first stanza, for example, the ending words ar day, lea, wa... ...eople in life might never be seen due to the environment that they are living in or born into. The irony of the poem is that the broad things on earth might not be those things that we can see and hold to be the gr eatest. Grays poem makes a reader examine ones life to sincerely measure the things that one holds to be great or wonderful, and to look deeper into society to find the truly great things in ones life. Also, he examines that no matter how great a person in life that they will become a just a shapeless sculpture (79) with a name, numbers, and a lasting cite that will sum that persons entire life up. Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem that truly explains that there are far greater things in life than what society holds to be great, and that one must judge for oneself what is great or not based on ones own personal experiences.

Divine Comedy - The Trinity in Dantes Inferno Essay -- Divine Comedy

The Trinity in The Inferno Dantes Inferno, itself one piece of a literary trilogy, repeatedly deploys the leitmotif of the number three as a metaphor for ambiguity, compromise, and transition. A belong in terza rima that details a descent through Nine Circles of Hell, The Inferno encompasses temporal, literary, and political bridges and chasms that link Dantes inspired Centaur work between the autobiographical and the fictive, the mundane and the divine and, from a contemporary viewpoint, the Medieval and the ModernDantes recognition of the Renaissance as our millenniums metamorphic period and of himself as its poetic forerunner (until de spot by Shakespeare). The Inferno is a work of transition between two points, as attested by the opening lines When I had journeyed one-half of our lifes way,/ I found myself within a shadowed forest,/ for I had lost the path that does not stray (I, 1-3). Echoes of these famous lines can be heard in Robert Frosts The Road Less Trav eled whereas Frosts poem concerns itself with the duality and firmness of decision, Dantes tercet implies an interval of great indecision and limbo. Indeed, he is anything but entrenched in position I cannot clearly say how I had entered/ the wood I was so full of sleep just at/ The point where I abandoned the legitimate path (I, 10-12). Dante is nearly sleepwalking, yet another fusion of two worlds, the conscious and unconscious. This division of self can best be explained by Dantes exile and his spill of national identity. He examines this alienated state through a geographic metaphor And just as he who, with exhausted breath,/ Having escaped from sea to shore, turns blanket/ To watch the dangerous waters he has q... ...ts notion of a third way as an ambiguous compromise. What is most fascinating is the degree to which one of the to a greater extent stable metaphors, that of past, present, and future, has come true. The Inferno repeatedly invokes past epics, especi ally Virgils Aeneid, with such cries as O Muses, o high genius, help me now, and Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan welcome Dante and Virgil into Limbo. Now some(prenominal) modern poets, most notably T.S. Eliot, allude quite frequently to Dantes work. It seems that The Inferno will forever be canonically in the terza rimaoriginally written as a centerpiece to the Italian epic, now accepted as a framer of world literature. WORKS CITED Brucker, Gene A. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley University of California Press, 1969. Mandelbaum, Allen. Inferno (translation). Berkeley University of California Press, 1980.

GHB: Physiological Uses Versus Social Abuses :: Biology Essays Research Papers

GHB Physiological Uses Versus Social Abuses The human genome is old news. The next generation of thinkers faces the great challenge of establishing how our physiological condition translates into colonial thought and behavior. And thither has not been a team of researchers more dedicated to empirically finding the answers to these questions than todays experi cordial teens. As subjects of their own study, these future scientists have quite thoroughly manipulated their mental and physical states through the use of drugs. While drug use may not directly reflect a dedication to science, the devices of these drugs have helped to elucidate the complex functioning of the brain and its effect on ones conscious state. The spirit of this drug culture raises issues important to the neuropsychologist as well as the social psychologist. Negative-effects or side-effects of recreational drugs atomic number 18 often considered physiological in nature, and social and political attitudes toward ill icit drugs tend to reflect where a drug is presumed to register on the physically harmful spectrum. What follows is an news report of how clinical purposes and recreational uses of a substance may together inform a greater understanding of drug abuse. It appears that issues of over-all health are often committed to both nervous system input, the physiological effects of the drug, and nervous system output, which are the behaviors and alterations in conscious state caused by a drug.The potential advancements in our understanding of the functioning of the nervous system through this hands-on research strategy is confounded by the politics that surrounds recreational drug use in the US. Inevitably, the sub-culture of drug experimenters that pops-up as a result of stringent anti-drug enforcement, is not a random sample of the human population. While the DEA and FDA impose upon the research attempts of todays youth, shared teaching technology has created a space for future scientists to compare their methods and results. Looking up designer drugs on the Internet, I came to a greater understanding of the physiology of the brain as well as the preferences and behavioral patterns of todays youth. Easily manufactured, ubiquitously used, and derived from substances already occurring in the body, GHB is a model drug for addressing these issues.GHB, or gamma-hydroxybutric acid, was first synthesized in 1960 (1). Laborit, a French researcher interested in the effects of GABA on the brain used GHB, a GABA metabolite that can more readily cross the melodic line brain barrier, in his investigation (2).